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urban ecology
Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment. The urban environment refers to environments dominated by high-density residential and commercial buildings, paved surfaces, and other urban-related factors that create a unique landscape dissimilar to most previously studied environments in the field of ecology.〔Niemela, J. Ecology and urban planning. Biodiversity and Conservation. 1999. 8: 119-131.〕
Urban ecology is a recent field of study compared to ecology as a whole. The methods and studies of urban ecology are similar to and comprise a subset of ecology. The study of urban ecology carries increasing importance because, more than 50% of the world's population today is living in urban areas. 〔Govind Singh, http://urbanecology.in/2014/10/05/urban-ecology-inputs-need-of-the-urban-era/〕 At the same time, it is estimated that within the next forty years, two-thirds of the world's population will be living in expanding urban centers.〔United Nations 2007. World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision. UN.〕 The ecological processes in the urban environment are comparable to those outside the urban context. However, the types of urban habitats and the species that inhabit them are poorly documented. Often, explanations for phenomena examined in the urban setting as well as predicting changes because of urbanization are the center for scientific research.〔
== History ==
Ecology has historically focused on "pristine" natural environments, but by the 1970s many ecologists began to turn their interest towards ecological interactions taking place in, and caused by urban environments. Jean-Marie Pelt's 1977 book ''The Re-Naturalized Human'',〔Pelt JM. (1977) L'Homme re-naturé. 1977. Eds Seuil. ISBN 2-02-004589-3 〕 Brian Davis' 1978 publication ''Urbanization and the diversity of insects'',〔Davis BNK. Urbanisation and the diversity of insects. In: Mound L A and Walo N (eds) Diversity of Insect Faunas. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 1978. 9: 126-138. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.〕 and Sukopp et al.'s 1979 article "The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin's wastelands"〔Sukopp H, Blume HP and Kunick W (1979) "The soil, flora and vegetation of Berlin's wastelands". In: Laurie I C (ed) ''Nature in Cities''. 115-132. John Wiley, Chichester〕 are some of the first publications to recognize the importance of urban ecology as a separate and distinct form of ecology the same way one might see landscape ecology as different from population ecology. Forman and Godron's 1986 book ''Landscape Ecology''〔Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron. Landscape ecology. 1986. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. 619.〕 first distinguished urban settings and landscapes from other landscapes by dividing all landscapes into five broad types. These types were divided by the intensity of human influence ranging from pristine natural environments to urban centers.
Urban ecology is recognized as a diverse and complex concept which differs in application between North America and Europe. The European concept of urban ecology examines the biota of urban areas, while the North American concept has traditionally examined the social sciences of the urban landscape,〔Wittig, R. and H. Sukopp. Was ist Stadtokologie? Stadtokologie. 1993. 1-9. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart〕 as well as the ecosystem fluxes and processes.〔Pickett STA, Burch WR Jr, Dalton SE, Foresman TW, Grove JM and Rowntree R A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems. (1997b). 1:185-199.〕
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